Effect of tonsillotomy on the inflammation and immune function in children with chronic tonsillitis / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the changes of inflammation and immune function in children with chronic tonsillitis after tonsillotomy. Methods:Prospectively collected 60 children with obstructive sleep apnea （OSA） diagnosed as chronic tonsillitis with adenoids and tonsillar hypertrophy from January to June 2021. Two groups were divided, the experimental group （n=30） underwent bilateral partial tonsillectomy + adenoidectomy by hypothermia plasma ablation, and the control group （n=30） underwent adenoidectomy by using the same hypothermia plasma ablation method. The number of tonsillitis attacks before surgery and within one year after surgery was recorded, and the serum immunoglobulin IgM, IgG, IgA, complement C3 and complement C4 levels before operation, one month and three months after operation were measured. Results:The number of tonsillitis attacks in the experimental group and the control group at one year after surgery was lower than that before surgery（P<0.05）; The number of inflammatory attacks in the experimental group was （0.50±0.63） times/year, which was lower than that of （1.33±0.80） times/year in the control group. There was no significant difference in the five immunization results of the two groups at one month and three months after operation compared with before operation, and there was also no significant difference between the experimental and the control groups. Conclusion:Partial tonsillectomy can be applied to children with chronic tonsillitis, which can effectively reduce the number of tonsillitis attacks and has no effect on the immune function of children.

Complicaciones en amigdalectomía con electrodisección y técnica clásica: servicio desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga / Electrodissection and classical tonsillectomy complications: servicio desconcentrado Hospital Pediatrico Dr. Agustin Zubillaga

La amigdalectomía es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos más frecuentes en la actualidad especialmente en edad pediátrica. Con el objetivo de determinar las complicaciones en amigdalectomía con electrodisección y técnica clásica en pacientes pediátricos que ingresaron al Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga en el año 2017, se realizó un estudio de recolección retrospectiva de datos seleccionando 119 historias clínicas, obteniendo que 73,95% de los casos fueron intervenidos por técnica de electrodisección y 26,05% por técnica clásica. Las principales indicaciones para cirugía fueron amigdalitis a repetición e hipertrofia amigdalina. Para ambas técnicas, el tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue entre 21-40 minutos (44,32% y 48,39%, respectivamente) y la estancia hospitalaria menor de un día en 54,55% y 61,29% de los casos, respectivamente. La principal complicación intraoperatoria reportada fue la hemorragia (29,03% para la técnica clásica y 15,91% para la técnica de electrodisección). Entre las complicaciones postoperatorias, el dolor (63,64%) y la fiebre (60,23%) prevaleció en pacientes operados con electrodisección mientras que en los pacientes con técnica clásica la más frecuente fue la fiebre (61,29%). Con estos resultados, se demuestra que ambas técnicas tienen similar tiempo quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria, pero difieren en en tipo de complicaciones(AU)

Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequent surgical procedures in our times especially in pediatric age. In order to determine the complications of electrodissection and classical tonsillectomy in pediatric patients who were admitted at the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga in 2017, a review of 119 medical charts was performed. The results show that 73.95% of the cases had electrodissection tonsillectomy and 26.05% had classical tonsillectomy. The main indications for surgery were recurrent tonsillitis (electrodissection: 86.09% and classical: 80.65%) and tonsillar hypertrophy (electrodissection: 60.23% and classical: 35.48%). For both techniques, the mean surgical time was between 21-40 minutes (44.32% and 48.39%, respectively) and the hospital stay was less than one day (54.55% and 61.29%, each). The main intraoperative complication reported was hemorrhage (29.03% for classical versus 15.91% for electrodissection). Among the postoperative complications, pain (63.64%) and fever (60.23%) prevailed in patients with electrodissection tonsillectomy while fever was most frequent in patients with classical tonsillectomy (61.29%). These results show that both techniques have similar surgical time and hospital stay but differ in type of complications(AU)

Amigdalitis hemorrágica espontánea abscedada: revisión bibliográfica y reporte de un caso / Spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage and abscess: bibliographic review and case report

En este artículo se presenta un paciente que en contexto de un cuadro amigdalino agudo bilateral con un absceso periamigdalino unilateral concomitante presenta sangrado espontáneo proveniente de la amígdala abscedada. Los signos y síntomas observados en este paciente, así como los estudios complementarios son compatibles con la entidad clínica definida como amigdalitis hemorrágica espontánea, una complicación altamente infrecuente de la amigdalitis aguda y/o crónica en nuestra época, la que solía tener una gran tasa de mortalidad y gravedad en la era preantibiótica. A continuación, se reúnen y analizan los antecedentes descritos en la literatura referidos a este cuadro, al igual que su estudio complementario requerido para definir conducta, la cual es fundamentalmente de resorte quirúrgico.

In this article we report a patient who, in the context of a bilateral acute tonsillar condition with a concomitant unilateral peritonsillar abscess presents spontaneous bleeding from the abscessed tonsil. The clinical features observed in our patient, as well as the complementary studies are all compatible with the clinical entity known as spontaneous tonsil hemorrhage, a highly rare complication of acute and/or chronic tonsillitis in our time, which used to have major severity and mortality rate in the pre-antibiotic era. Following next, we gather and analyze the information described in literature referred to this affliction, as well as the complementary tests required to define its fundamentally surgical management.

Staphylococcus aureus in tonsils of patients with recurrent tonsillitis: prevalence, susceptibility profile, and genotypic characterization

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bacterial tonsillitis is an upper respiratory tract infection that occurs primarily in children and adolescents. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent pathogens in the etiology of tonsillitis and its relevance is due to its antimicrobial resistance and persistence in the internal tissues of the tonsils. Tonsillectomy is indicated in cases of recurrent tonsillitis after several failures of antibiotic therapy. Material and methods: In this study we evaluated 123 surgically removed tonsils from patients who had history of recurrent tonsillitis. The tonsils were submitted to microbiological analysis for detection of S. aureus. The isolates were identified by PCR for femA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion tests. All isolates were submitted to PCR to detect mecA and Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes. The genetic similarity among all isolates was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Results: Sixty-one S. aureus isolates were obtained from 50 patients (40.7%) with mean age of 11.7 years. The isolates showed high level resistance to penicillin (83.6%), 9.8% had inducible MLSb phenotype, and 18.0% were considered multidrug resistant (MDR). mecA gene was detected in two isolates and the gene coding for PVL was identified in one isolate. The genetic similarity analysis showed high diversity among the isolates. More than one genetically different isolate was identified from the same patient, and identical isolates were obtained from different patients. Conclusions: MDR isolates colonizing tonsils even without infection, demonstrate persistence of the bacterium and possibility of antimicrobial resistance dissemination and recurrence of infection. A specific clone in patients colonized by S. aureus was not demonstrated.

Adult tonsillectomy: postoperative pain depends on indications / Tonsilectomia no adulto: a dor pós-operatória depende das indicações

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Intense pain is one of the most important postoperative complaints after tonsillectomy. It is often described by patients as comparable to the pain that accompanies an acute tonsillitis. Although recurrent tonsillitis is the most frequent indication for surgery, many tonsillectomies are performed due to other indications and these patients may be unfamiliar with such pain. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether individuals with recurrent tonsillitis experience different post-tonsillectomy pain intensity than those with other indications for surgery, with no history of episodes of acute tonsillitis. METHODS: A total of 61 tonsillectomies were performed under general anesthesia, using a potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser (to eliminate the potential influence on the study results of forceful dissection of fibrotic tonsils in patients with history of recurrent tonsillitis) and multiple ligations of blood vessels within the tonsillar beds. The patients received 37.5 mg Tramadoli hydrochloridum + 325 mg Paracetamol tablets for 10 days. Postoperative variables included the duration of hospital stay, postoperative hemorrhage and readmission rate. The patients reported pain intensity on consecutive days, pain duration, weight loss on postoperative day 10, character, intensity and duration of swallowing difficulties, and the need for additional doses of painkillers. Healing was also assessed. Capsular nerve fibers were histologically examined in the resected tonsils by immunostainings for general and sensory markers. RESULTS: Indications for the surgery were: recurrent acute tonsillitis (34 patients), no history of recurrent tonsillitis: focus tonsil (20) and intense malodour (7). Pain intensity on postoperative days 3-4 and incidence of readmissions due to dehydration were significantly higher in the group with no history of recurrent tonsillitis. No significant differences in relative densities of protein gene product (PGP) 9.5- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed. CONCLUSION: Patients with recurrent tonsillitis qualified for tonsillectomy reported lower pain intensity than those without recurrent tonsillitis and the pain scores were unrelated to nerve fibers density.

Resumo Introdução: Dor intensa é uma das queixas mais importantes no pós-operatório de uma tonsilectomia. Com frequência, essa dor é descrita pelos pacientes, como comparável à dor que acompanha a tonsilite aguda. Apesar da tonsilite recorrente ser a indicação mais frequente para cirurgia, muitas tonsilectomias são realizadas por outras indicações, e esses pacientes podem não estar familiarizados com essa dor. Objetivo: Verificar se indivíduos com tonsilite recorrente apresentam diferenças na intensidade dolorosa pós-tonsilectomia vs. pacientes com outras indicações para cirurgia, sem histórico de episódios de tonsilite aguda. Método: Foram realizadas 61 tonsilectomias sob anestesia geral, com o uso de um laser potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) (para que fosse eliminada uma possível influência de uma dissecção agressiva das tonsilas fibrosadas em pacientes com história de tonsilite recorrente), e hemostasia através de ligaduras de vasos sanguíneos nos leitos tonsilares. Os pacientes foram medicados com 37,5 mg de cloridrato de tramadol + 325 mg de paracetamol (comprimidos) durante 10 dias. As variáveis pós-operatórias foram tempo de internação hospitalar, hemorragia e percentual de readmissão. Os pacientes forneceram informações sobre a intensidade da dor em dias consecutivos, duração da dor, perda de peso corpóreo no dia 10 do pós-operatório, intensidade e duração da dificuldade de deglutição, e necessidade de doses adicionais de analgésicos. A velocidade de cicatrização também foi avaliada. Fibras nervosas capsulares foram examinadas histologicamente nas tonsilas resecadas com o uso de imunocorantes para marcadores de fibras nervosas gerais e de sensibilidade. Resultados: As indicações para a cirurgia foram: tonsilite aguda recorrente (34 pacientes), ausência de história de tonsilite recorrente - Tonsilite focal (20) e halitose (7). A intensidade da dor nos dias 3-4 do pós-operatório e a incidência de reinternações em decorrência de desidratação foram significativamente mais altas no grupo sem história de tonsilite recorrente. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes nas densidades relativas de fibras nervosas imunorreativas para protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 e calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Conclusão: Os pacientes com tonsilite recorrente e qualificados para tonsilectomia informaram menor intensidade da dor em relação aos pacientes sem histórico se tonsilite recorrente, e os escores para dor não apresentaram relação com a densidade das fibras nervosas.

Adenoamigdalitis hemorrágica espontánea, revisión de la literatura y presentación de tres casos / Spontaneous hemorrhagic adenotonsillitis, literature revision and presentation of three cases

La amigdalitis hemorrágica espontánea define al sangrado no iatrogénico de las amígdalas. Es una patología generalmente secundaria a infecciones locales comunes como la amigdalitis, siendo una consecuencia de una erosión de vasos de pequeño calibre localizados en el órgano sangrante y que ha logrado su control en la actualidad gracias al advenimiento de la antibioticoterapia precoz. Se presenta constantemente dentro de las indicaciones de amigdalectomía, pero, en su mayoría, se asume como entidad teórica dada esta baja incidencia y prevalencia. Es importante para su manejo adecuado, mantener la indicación y procurar que ésta no sea olvidada por parte de los especialistas. En esta revisión, presentamos tres casos clínicos de adenoamigdalitis hemorrágica espontánea, revisión de la literatura, destacando un paciente con sangrado exclusivo del adenoides, entidad no descrita previamente en la literatura.

Spontaneous hemorrhagic tonsillitis defines non iatrogenic bleeding of the tonsils. It is a clinical entity generally secondary to common local infections like tonsillitis, being a consequence of an erosion of the small peripheral vessels, and that has been controlled in present time thanks to the advent of early antibiotic therapy. It is constantly presented amongst the indications for tonsillectomy, but, it is mostly assumed as a theoretic entity given its low incidence and prevalence. It is important, for its correct management, to maintain the indication and to seek for it not to be forgotten by the area s specialists. In this article, we present three clinical cases of hemorrhagic adenotonsillitis, detailing one where exclusive bleeding of the adenoids, an entity not yet described in the literature, is present.

Hiperplasia tonsilar e tonsilite de repeticao: correlacao clinico-histopatologica / Tonsillar hyperplasia and recurrent tonsillitis: clinical-histological correlation

Hipertrofia e tonsilites de repetição são indicações comuns de tonsilectomia. Entretanto, os relatórios anátomo-patológicos são semelhantes, independentemente da clínica. OBJETIVO: Buscar alterações histopatológicas que diferenciem tonsilas palatinas operadas por hipertrofia de tonsilites de repetição. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal prospectivo descritivo com 46 crianças divididas em grupos I - 22 com hipertrofia e II - 24 com tonsilites de repetição, no período de 2010 a 2012, em hospital público. Avaliamos características clínicas e histopatológicas (folículos linfáticos, centros germinativos, fibrose, necrose, reticulação, infiltração por plasmócitos e neutrófilos). RESULTADOS: A idade dos pacientes variou entre 2 e 11 anos (5,17 ± 2,28). No grupo I, metade apresentou a última infecção há sete meses ou mais e todas grau de obstrução maior que 3 (≥ 50%). No grupo II, todos apresentaram a última infecção há menos de sete meses e a maioria grau de obstrução menor que 4 (≤ 75%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no grau de obstrução (p = 0,0021) e número de centros germinativos (p = 0,002), maiores no grupo I. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que o número de centros germinativos é o único critério histopatológico que pode ser utilizado para diferenciar os dois grupos. .

Hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis are common indications of tonsillectomy. However, the pathological reports are similar, regardless of clinical aspects. OBJECTIVE: Search for histopathological changes that differentiate palatine tonsils operated because of hypertrophy vis-à-vis those operated because of recurrent tonsillitis. METHOD: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study involving 46 children divided into group I - 22 with hypertrophy; and group II - 24 with recurrent tonsillitis, in the period between 2010 and 2012, in a public hospital. We evaluated clinical and histopathological features (lymph follicles, germinal centers, fibrosis, necrosis, reticulation, infiltration by plasma cells and neutrophils). RESULTS: The patients' ages ranged between 2 and 11 years (5.17 ± 2.28). In group I, half of the patients had had the latest infection at seven months or more, and all with obstruction degree greater than 3 (> 50%). In group II, all had had the latest infection at less than seven months, and most with obstruction degree below 4 (< 75%). There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of obstruction (p = 0.0021) and number of germinal centers (p = 0.002) was higher in group I. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the number of germinal centers is the only histopathological criterion that can be used to differentiate the two groups. .

Nivel de dolor en pacientes amigdalectomizados / Level of pain in tonsilectomy patients

Obtener datos epidemiológicos de lasamigdalectomías realizadas durante dos años quirúrgicos en el Hospital Nacional de Clínicas. Valorar la incidencia entre la técnica quirúrgica empleada y el gradode dolor postoperatorio. Relacionar la técnica quirúrgica con el dolor postoperatorio y la incorporación de ladieta.Material y método: Se realizó un estudioprospectivo, utilzando el método estadístico, que incluyó a 10 pacientes de ambos sexos, de 14 a 56 años deedad, amigdalectomizados en el Hospital Nacional de Clínicas de Córdoba -Argentina -con técnica de Danielso decolación y utilzación de Ansa, en el periodo comprendido entre marzo del 2010 y abril del 2012.

Get epidemiological data oftonsilectomy surgery performed for two years in theNational Clinical Hospital.Ases whether there is arelationship betwen surgical technique and the degreof postoperative pain. Relate surgical technique with thereturn of the diet.Materials and methods A prospective study wasperformed using the statistical method, which included10 patients of both sexes aged 14 to 56 years old,tonsilectomy in the National Clinical Hospital of Cordoba- Argentina, with Daniels technique, or parietal peritoneumand using Ansa ,in the period betwen March 2010 and April 2012.

Anestesia para amigdalectomia em criança portadora de síndrome de Klippel-Feil associada à síndrome de down: relato de caso / Anesthesia for tonsillectomy in a child with Klippel-Feil syndrome associated with down syndrome. Case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Anormalidades craniofaciais, presentes na síndrome de Klippel-Feil (SKF) e na síndrome de Down (SD), podem dificultar o acesso à via aérea. Cirurgias na orofaringe também exigem atenção especial com a via aérea. A associação de ambas as síndromes em paciente candidato à amigdalectomia é uma condição rara, que impõe desafios ao tratamento anestésico-cirúrgico. O objetivo deste relato é discutir os cuidados para a abordagem da via aérea e os riscos da manipulação cervical em paciente portador de SKF e SD submetido à amigdalectomia. RELATO DE CASO: Criança de 5 anos com diagnóstico prévio de SKF, SD e instabilidade da articulação atlantoaxial foi submetida à amigdalectomia sob anestesia geral balanceada. A ventilação sob máscara e a intubação traqueal foram realizadas com a cabeça em posição neutra. A perfeita visualização da epiglote e das cordas vocais permitiu intubação traqueal com laringoscopia convencional. A cirurgia também foi realizada sem extensão cervical, transcorrendo sem intercorrências. CONCLUSÕES: Embora o acesso à via aérea possa ser fácil, alterações anatômicas pressupõem via aérea difícil em pacientes portadores de SKF e SD. Cuidados diferenciados e recursos adequados são obrigatórios para se evitarem complicações durante a abordagem da via aérea. A manipulação cervical deve ser evitada na presença de instabilidade da articulação atlantoccipital pelo risco de lesão neurológica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Craniofacial abnormalities present in Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS) and Down Syndrome (DS) can hinder access to the airways. Oropharyngeal surgeries also require special attention with the airways. The association of both syndromes in a patient scheduled for tonsillectomy is a rare condition that imposes challenges to the anesthetic-surgical treatment. The objective of this report was to discuss the approach of the airways and the risks of cervical manipulation in a patient with KFS and DS undergoing tonsillectomy. CASE REPORT: This is a 5 years old child with diagnosis of KFS and DS and instability of the atlantoaxial joint who underwent tonsillectomy under general balanced anesthesia. Ventilation under face mask and tracheal intubation were done with the neck in the neutral position. The perfect visualization of the epiglottis and vocal cords allowed tracheal intubation with conventional laryngoscopy. The surgery was also performed without cervical extension and without intercurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Although access to the airways can be easy, anatomical changes presuppose the presence of difficult airways in patients with KFS and DS. Differentiated care and adequate resources are mandatory to avoid complications during approach of the airways. Cervical manipulation should be avoided in the presence of instability of the atlantoaxial joint due to the risk of neurological damage.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las anormalidades craneofaciales presentes en el Síndrome de Klippel-Feil (SKF) y en el Síndrome de Down (SD), pueden dificultar el acceso a la vía aérea. Las cirugías en la orofaringe también exigen una atención especial con la vía aérea. La asociación de los dos síndromes en paciente candidato a la amigdalectomía es una condición rara, que impone retos al tratamiento anestésico-quirúrgico. El objetivo de este relato es discutir los cuidados para el abordaje de la vía aérea y los riesgos de la manipulación cervical en un paciente portador de síndrome de SKF y SD, sometido a la amigdalectomía. RELATO DEL CASO: Niño de cinco años, con diagnóstico previo de SKF, SD e inestabilidad de la articulación atlantocervical, que fue sometido a la amigdalectomía bajo anestesia general balanceada. La ventilación bajo máscara y la intubación traqueal fueron realizadas con la cabeza en posición neutra. La perfecta visualización de la epiglotis y de las cuerdas vocales, permitió la intubación traqueal con laringoscopia convencional. La cirugía también se hizo sin la extensión cervical, y transcurrió sin intercurrencias. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque el acceso a la vía aérea pueda ser fácil, las alteraciones anatómicas nos avisan que existe una vía aérea difícil en pacientes portadores de SKF y SD. Los cuidados diferenciados y los recursos adecuados son indispensables para evitar las complicaciones durante el abordaje de la vía aérea. La manipulación cervical debe ser evitada en presencia de una inestabilidad de la articulación atlanto-occipital, por el riesgo de lesión neurológica.

Post-tonsillectomy pain and bupivacaine, an intra individual design study

To compare whether an individual could appreciate the pain relief, if any, in either one of his/her tonsillar fossa topically suffused with a local anaesthetic [bupivacaine]. Randomized controlled trial. Department of ENT/Head and Neck Surgery, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar, from January to June 2007. Forty-six patients of either gender, aged 10-42 years undergoing tonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis were enrolled for this study. At the end of surgery, having secured haemostasis, one tonsillar fossa was randomly packed with a gauze piece soaked in 3 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine for 5 minutes, while the other was not. Effects of postoperative analgesia were assessed using visual analogue scale [VAS] up to 8 hours. Majority of the patients [85%, n=39] failed to experience an appreciable pain relief on the side of local anaesthetic [bupivacaine] application [p=0.006]. Topical application of local anaesthetic [bupivacaine] confers no appreciable pain control in post-tonsillectomy patients

Detecção do vírus Epstein-Barr em tonsilites recorrentes / Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in recurrent tonsillitis

As tonsilites recorrentes têm sido objeto de muitos estudos. Eventos considerados na predisposição e causa incluem a utilização errônea de antibióticos em crises agudas, alterações da microflora, mudanças estruturais nas criptas epiteliais tonsilares e infecções virais. A infecção pelo vírus Epstein-Barr (EBV) ocorre freqüentemente na infância persistindo em linfócitos de tonsilas, podendo causar tonsilites recorrentes. Pouco se conhece sobre a persistência e reativação do EBV em pacientes imunocompetentes. Alguns métodos como a hibridização in situ, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e a imuno-histoquímica têm sido utilizados no estudo da patogenia do vírus. OBJETIVO: Para caracterizar a associação do vírus Epstein-Barr com tonsilites recorrentes examinamos a presença do EBV pela PCR e por imuno-histoquímica usando como alvo a proteína viral LMP-1. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo transversal com análise de prevalência amostral. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 24 blocos parafinados de tonsilas, provenientes do Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, removidas de crianças de 2 a 12 anos com diagnóstico de tonsilite recorrente. Resultados: O genoma do EBV foi detectado em 13 (54,1%) e a LMP-1 em 9 (37,5%) dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: As tonsilas das crianças podem ser colonizadas pelo EBV e este pode estar associado à patogenia das tonsilites recorrentes.

Recurrent tonsillitis has been the subject of frequent investigation. Misuse of antibiotic therapy in acute tonsillitis, changes to the tonsillar microflora, structural changes to the tonsillar crypts, and viral infections have been listed as predisposing or causal factors for recurrent tonsillitis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection usually occurs in early childhood and may persist in tonsillar lymphocytes, thus leading to the onset of recurrent tonsillitis. Little is known about the persistence and reactivation of EBV strains in immunocompetent patients. Methods such as in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunochemistry have been used to study the pathogenesis of the EBV. AIM: this study aims to characterize the association between EBV and recurrent tonsillitis by investigating the presence of EBV through PCR and immunohistochemistry, using viral protein LMP-1 as a target. STUDY DESIGN: this is a cross-sectional study with analysis of sample prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHOD: twenty-four paraffin-embedded tonsil specimens from the Pathology Service were selected. The specimens were removed from children aged between 2 and 12 years diagnosed with recurrent tonsillitis. RESULTS: EBV genome was detected in 13 (54.1%) specimens, whereas viral protein LMP-1 was found in 9 (37.5%) specimens. CONCLUSION: children's tonsils can be colonized by EBV and such colonies may be associated with the pathogenesis of recurrent tonsillitis.

Achado de bactérias selecionadas em crianças de Trinidad com doença amigdaliana crônica / Selected bacterial recovery in Trinidadian children with chronic tonsillar disease

Faringoamigdalite na população pediátrica é largamente tratada com antibióticos. OBJETIVO: Estudar a microflora presente na superfície e no núcleo de amígdalas após adenoamigdalectomia eletiva em crianças. MÉTODO: Amígdalas de 102 crianças de Trinidad foram prospectivamente estudadas por meio de culturas e identificações bacteriológicas feitas a partir de amostras das superfícies e núcleos de suas amígdalas entre 2005-2006. RESULTADOS: A partir de 360 amígdalas, foram isolados Streptococcus spp. (51,3 por cento), Staphylococcus spp. (42,3 por cento) e Gram-Negativos (6,4 por cento). A identificação de estafilococos e estreptococos tanto na superfície quanto no núcleo foi semelhante (p>0,05). Encontramos mais (p<0,001) Streptococcus spp. nas superfícies (82,2 por cento) do que nos núcleos (63,3 por cento); a prevalência de estreptococos alfa-hemolíticos foi maior (p<0,001) do que aquela de estreptococos beta-hemolíticos nas superfícies (74,4 por cento vs. 18,6 por cento) do que nos núcleos (58,9 por cento vs. 13,7 por cento). Não houve concordância entre superfícies e núcleos com relação a estreptococos (p<0,0004) e estreptococos alfa-hemolíticos (p<0,007). Estreptococos beta-hemolíticos foram mais identificados (p<0,05) em crianças dentre 6-16 anos do que naquelas entre 1-5 anos de idade (31 por cento e 23,8 por cento vs 12,5 por cento e 8 por cento). A prevalência de S. pyogenes na superfície e no núcleo foi de (84,6 por cento vs 70 por cento) e (50,0 por cento vs 25,0 por cento) em crianças de maior faixa etária e crianças mais novas, respectivamente. Klebsiella spp. (6,6 por cento, 2,2 por cento), Proteus (4,4 por cento, 4,4 por cento) e Pseudomonas (4,4 por cento, 1,1 por cento) cresceram nas superfícies e núcleos, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: As superfícies amigdalianas tinham mais estreptococos e estreptococos hemolíticos do que seus núcleos. Crianças mais velhas tiveram mais estreptococos beta-hemolíticos, e são altamente colonizadoras...

Pharyngotonsillitis in children is widely treated with antibiotics. AIM: To examine tonsil surface and core microflora following elective adenotonsillectomy in children. METHODS: Tonsils of 102 Trinidadian children were prospectively examined for surface and core bacteriological culture and identification between 2005-2006. RESULTS: Tonsils (360) yielded 800 isolates of Streptococcus spp. (51.3 percent), Staphylococcus spp. (42.3 percent) and Gram-negative genera (6.4 percent). Surface and core recovery of staphylococci and streptococci were similar (p>0.05). More (p<0.001) surfaces (82.2 percent) than cores (63.3 percent) grew Streptococcus spp.; α-haemolytic Streptococcus prevalence was higher (p<0.001) than ß-haemolytic Streptococcus on surfaces (74.4 percent vs. 18.6 percent) than cores (58.9 percent vs. 13.7 percent). Surfaces and cores were not concordant for streptococci (p<0.0004) and α-haemolytic Streptococcus (p<0.007). Surface and core ß-haemolytic Streptococcus yield was higher (p<0.05) in 6-16 than 1-5 year olds (31 percent and 23.8 percent vs 12.5 percent and 8 percent). S. pyogenes surface and core prevalence was (84.6 percent vs 70 percent) and (50.0 percent vs 25.0 percent) in older and younger children respectively. Klebsiella spp. (6.6 percent, 2.2 percent), Proteus (4.4 percent, 4.4 percent) and Pseudomonas (4.4 percent, 1.1 percent) grew on surfaces and cores respectively. CONCLUSION: Tonsil surfaces yield higher surface than core carriage for streptococci overall and for α haemolytic streptococci. Older children grow more β-haemolytic streptococci and are high colonizers of S. pyogenes. Studies probing the mechanisms of streptococcal adhesions in Trinidadian children are suggested.

Tonsillectomy; quality-of-life improvement in school going children

To determine the quality - of - life benefit derived from Tonsillectomy and its specific impacts. A Cross sectional survey. ENT Department, CMH Rawalpindi. Period: From 01 Jan 2004 to 31 Dec 2004. Material and Methods: The Glasgow Benefit Inventory [GBI] was used to quantify the health benefit of tonsillectomy. Data was collected for demographics and antibiotic use, physician visit, and school days missed due to chronic tonsillitis for 12 months before and after tonsillectomy. This study includes the patients who had undergone tonsillectomy alone. A total of 102 patient met inclusion criteria for this study. Sixty five parents returned complete survey of their children. The mean age was 10.3 years [5-15 years]. The improvements in the total score [ +/- 27.1], general health sub score [ +/- 34.7], social functioning sub score [ +/- 14.2], and physical functioning sub score [9.38] were each statistically significant [P<.001], indicating a significant health benefit of tonsillectomy. Statistically significant decreases in mean weeks receiving antibiotics [-7.8 weeks], mean physician visits [-5.4], and mean schooldays missed [-6.3 days] were noted after tonsillectomy [F<.001]. Tonsillectomy provides a significant quality-of-life improvement for children with chronic tonsillitis. Tonsillectomy also affords decreases in medical resource utilization and missed school days after tonsillectomy. Such factors should be incorporated into decision making when considering tonsillectomy

Estudio comparativo de amigdalectomía con radiofrecuencia versus técnica tradicional / Comparative study of tonsillectomy with radio-frequency versus traditional technique

Se realizó un trabajo prospectivo protocolizado respecto a las amigdalectomías realizadas en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, entre enero de 2002 y agosto de 2003. El objetivo fue evaluar los beneficios de la amigdalectomía con radiofrecuencia, técnica de reciente introducción en nuestro país, comparándola con la cirugía convencional con asa fría. Fueron seleccionados 162 pacientes, con un rango etario entre 2 y 15 años (promedio: 7,5 años), y divididos en 3 grupos, según la técnica quirúrgica utilizada: amigdalectomía con radiofrecuencia, radiofrecuencia asociada a técnica convencional (asa fría), y amigdalectomía con asa. La indicación más frecuente de amigdalectomía fue el síndrome de apnea e hipopnea del sueño. Al comparar los tres grupos, la técnica mediante radiofrecuencia mostró un menor tiempo quirúrgico estadísticamente significativo, menor cantidad de sangrado y mejor hemostasia intraoperatoria. La evaluación del dolor postoperatorio no reveló diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos estudiados.

Experiencia en criptolisis amigdalina asistida con láser de CO2, en una unidad de otorrinolaringología en Costa Rica / Experience in attendent amygdaline cryptolysis with CO2 LASER, in the unit of otorhinolarygology in Costa Rica

La Criptolisis amigdalina asistida por LASER de CO2 es una técnica utilizada para la remoción por evaporización de la porción medial expuesta de la amígdala palatina. Es un proceso ambulatorio realizado bajo anestesia local y presenta una alternativa en el tratamiento de las amigdalitis lacunares crónicas, causa frecuente de amigdalectomía en el paciente adulto. Este estudio tiene como fin analizar la eficacia de este procedimiento en la eliminación de los síntomas de la amigdalitis lacunar crónica en adultos.

Apnea obstructiva en el niño: caso clínico y revisión bibliográfica / Obstructive sleep apnea in children: clinical case and bibliographic review

Se presenta un caso clínico de una niña de 8 años, obesa mórbida, portadora de una hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana obstructiva severa y síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño de carácter grave. Además se muestra metodología de estudio disgnóstico, tratamiento y manejo en equipo multidisciplinario propuesto en la actualidad

Amigdalites: aspectos imunológicos, microbiológicos e terapêuticos / Tonsillitis: imunologics, microbiologics and therapeutic aspects

As amígdalas têm peculiaridades anatômicas, e o fato de que existe uma relação entre as amígdalas e o sistema imunológico tem sido claramente demonstrado. Vírus e bactérias são capazes de estimular as células mononucleares das amígdalas, e podem ter um papel importante na etiologia das migdalites recorrentes e hipertróficas. Os autores revisam os aspectos mais importantes da imunologia e bacteriologia das amigdalites, bem como seu tratamento.

Tonsil do have anatomical peculiarities, and the fact that there is a relationship between tonsils and te immune system has been clearly demonstrated. Virus and bacteria are known to stimulate the tonsillar mononuclear cells and may play an important role in the etiology of recurrent and hypertrophic tonsillitis. The authors revise te most important aspectos of the immunology and bacteriology of tonsils, as wells as ist treatmento.

L'amygdalectomie dans un service d'ORL d'Afrique noire : a propos de 148 cas au CHU de Ouagadougou

Les auteurs ont voulu; a partir d'un collectif de 148 amygdalectomies; degager les principales indications et les techniques de cette chirurgie ambulatoire dans les conditions d'exercice d'un service d'ORL d'Afrique noire tel que le Burkina Faso. Les indications operatoires dans la presente etude ont ete les suivantes : les angines a repetition (54;05 pour cent); l'amygdalyte chronique cryptique (20;27 pour cent); les complications loco-regionales aigues des angines (10;14 pour cent); la pathologie obstructive (9;46 pour cent) et les complications generales (6;08 pour cent)

Weight gain in children following tonsillectomy

To study the post operative effect of tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy on weight gain among children treated at Queen Alia Military Hospital. Patients and Ninety-six patients, 60 males [62.5%] and 36 females [37.5%], underwent tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis between the period January 1994 to March 1995. Their weights were recorded before surgery and one year later. Comparing the growth charts of the study sample with the expected ones, showed an increase in weight rates among those children, especially children below 6 years of age. Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy have a significant effect on improving weight gain and general health of children with recurrent tonsillitis